Costo y trámites para visa C-1 de tránsito por EE.UU.

La visa de trà ¡nsito C-1 permite a una persona extranjera hacer escala en Estados Unidos cuando sus viajes tienen origen y finalizan en otros paà ­ses. Por ejemplo, la visa C-1 puede ser una opcià ³n para un latinoamericano que le desea visitar un paà ­s europeo y le gustarà ­a viajar en una aerolà ­nea que hace escala en Estados Unidos porque el boleto de avià ³n es mà ¡s barato que si compra un vuelo directo. Otro caso para solicitar la visa de trà ¡nsito serà ­a el de un extranjero en un barco cuyo origen y destino no es Estados Unidos y en el transcurso del viaje el barco atraca en un puerto estadounidense. En este caso no se tiene permiso para bajar a tierra. Si se quiere pasear y hacer turismo se necesita una visa de turista, conocida en algunos paà ­ses como de paseo o placer o tambià ©n por las iniciales B2 o B1/B2. Quià ©nes no necesitan solicitar la visa C-1 de trà ¡nsito No requieren sacar la visa de trà ¡nsito los extranjeros que hacen en escala en Estados Unidos pero se encuentran en una de las siguientes categorà ­as: Residentes permanentes legales en EE.UU.Personas con una visa de turista vigenteExtranjeros de un paà ­s participante en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas. Las personas de este à ºltimo grupo y que, por lo tanto, no necesitan visa para ingresar a EE.UU. debe solicitar, sin embargo, una autorizacià ³n electrà ³nica que se conoce como ESTA. En este momento, de todos los paà ­ses hispanohablantes solo Chile y Espaà ±a està ¡n incluidos en dicho programa. Cà ³mo se tramita la visa C1 de trà ¡nsito La visa C1 forma parte de las denominadas visas no inmigrantes. Debe solicitarse una visa por cada miembro de la familia que planee hacer escala en los Estados Unidos, incluidos los nià ±os y los bebà ©s. Esta regla aplica incluso en los casos en los que los menores no tienen pasaporte propio por estar incluidos en el de uno de los padres. El primer paso para solicitar la visa de trà ¡nsito es rellenar el formulario DS-160 y, al finalizar, imprimir la confirmacià ³n con el cà ³digo de barras. A continuacià ³n, proceder a elegir la pà ¡gina del paà ­s al que pertenece el consulado en el que se aplica por la visa. Para los hispanohablantes son las siguientes: ArgentinaBoliviaChileColombiaCosta RicaCuba. Està ¡n suspendidos la mayorà ­a de servicios de visados. Consultar con Embajada.EcuadorEl SalvadorEspaà ±aGuatemalaHondurasMà ©xico. Tambià ©n hay telà ©fonos disponibles.NicaraguaPanamà ¡ParaguayPerà ºRepà ºblica DominicanaVenezuela Si nunca se ha utilizado con anterioridad una de esas pà ¡ginas, debe crearse un perfil antes de seguir. Ahà ­ se realizan importantes trà ¡mites como, por ejemplo, cerrar la fecha y hora para la entrevista con el oficial consular.   Debe verificarse con las reglas de cada consulado para la entrevista si nià ±os y ancianos deben presentarse y a partir de quà © edad. La regla general es que los menores de 13 o menos y los mayores de 80 o mà ¡s no deben presentarse, pero puede haber excepciones. Otros trà ¡mites importantes durante este paso son el pago de la tarifa de la visa MRV, que deberà ¡ hacerse segà ºn los requisitos de cada consulado y, finalmente, seguir los pasos segà ºn va indicando el formulario en lo que respecta a la toma de huellas digitales y fotos, que dependen de las directrices de cada consulado. No hay confusià ³n posible, ya que al elegir el consulado en el que se aplica, el formulario que aparece en pantalla solo da la opcià ³n a los trà ¡mites especà ­ficos que aplican en el mismo. Asà ­, en paà ­ses como Mà ©xico, Argentina o Repà ºblica Dominicana la toma de datos biomà ©tricos como huellas tiene lugar antes de la entrevista en el consulado en una ubicacià ³n habilitada para ello. En otros consulados, por el contrario, ese trà ¡mite se realiza el propio dà ­a de la entrevista y en el consulado. En este caso, al llenar la solicitud prestar atencià ³n a las fotos, ya que algunos consulados requieren que las tome el propio solicitante de la visa, en cuyo caso deberà ¡ ajustarse a los parà ¡metros que exigen las autoridades estadounidenses. Finalmente, a la entrevista debe acudirse en hora, llevando ordenados los documentos necesarios. Entre estos destacan el pasaporte và ¡lido con visa del paà ­s de destino, si fuera necesaria, el resguardo del pago de la solicitud de la visa y el cà ³digo de barras y confirmacià ³n de haber completado el formulario DS-160. Ademà ¡s, debe llevarse copia del itinerario del viaje o de la reserva del mismo y los documentos que sirvan para probar que el solicitante tiene lazos econà ³micos, familiares y sociales sà ³lidos en su lugar de residencia habitual. Esta documentacià ³n es importante porque la causa principal por la que se niega la visa es falta de acreditacià ³n de dichos lazos. Costo de la visa MRV de tipo C-1 de trà ¡nsito En la actualidad, el costo no reembolsable de solicitar la visa de trà ¡nsito es de $160 dà ³lares americanos. A las visas estadounidenses se las conoce habitualmente por las iniciales MRV, que son las siglas en inglà ©s de Visa que pueden leer las mà ¡quinas. Ademà ¡s de la tarifa siempre obligatoria, los ciudadanos de algunos paà ­ses deben pagar una cuota o arancel adicional que se conoce como issuance fee, pero sà ³lo si es aprobada.   Debido a su alto costo es posible que solamente resulte rentable si se estima que se realizarà ¡n con dicha visa varios viajes con esa visa. Aprobacià ³n o rechazo solicitud de visa C-1 de trà ¡nsito Si la solicitud de visa es aprobada se entregarà ¡ al solicitante segà ºn las reglas de cada consulado. En la actualidad en la mayorà ­a de los paà ­ses se entrega el pasaporte con la visa estampada en el mismo utilizando los servicio de mensajerà ­a de DHL. Cabe destacar que la visa puede ser negada. Las razones son mà ºltiples y pueden ser calificadas en dos grandes categorà ­as: inadmisible, en cuyo  caso a veces  se puede pedir un perdà ³n,  o inelegible. Estas son 20 razones por las que la peticià ³n de visa puede ser no aprobada por esta à ºltima causa.  En este caso, el consulado entrega una hoja donde se indica la causa de la misma. Para aplicar de nuevo con posibilidades de obtener una aprobacià ³n es necesario que cambie la circunstancia por la que se produjo la negacià ³n. Si todo sigue igual, la respuesta seguirà ¡ siendo la misma.  ¿Por cuà ¡nto tiempo es và ¡lida la estadà ­a en EE.UU. con una visa de trà ¡nsito? La visa C-1 permite el trà ¡nsito inmediato y continuo a travà ©s de Estados Unidos desde un paà ­s de origen hacia otro de destino. Cuando se llega al control migratorio de EE.UU. el oficial decide el tiempo mà ¡ximo de estancia en el paà ­s que, en ningà ºn caso, puede exceder de los 29 dà ­as. Esto no quiere decir en ningà ºn caso que la persona con la visa C1 puede permanecer todos esos dà ­as en EE.UU. Por el contrario, quiere decir que se està ¡ obligado a salir de EE.UU. en fecha primera de las dos siguientes: en la del boleto en el avià ³n o en el barco para el cual se tiene la reservadentro del tiempo autorizado por el oficial de migracià ³n –que puede ser 29 dà ­as o menos. Por ejemplo, si la escala en Estados Unidos implica que entre el avià ³n de llegada y el de salida hay horas suficientes como para visitar una ciudad, puede hacerse. Sin embargo, no se puede utilizar para hacer turismo aprovechando que se para en Estados Unidos, asà ­ sea de solo por un dà ­a. Para este à ºltimo caso, la visa adecuada es la de turismo o, en el caso de pertenecer a un paà ­s en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados, una autorizacià ³n electrà ³nica ESTA es suficiente. La intencià ³n es fundamental. Si es hacer turismo, el oficial del consulado negarà ¡ la visa o el oficial del paso migratorio negarà ¡ el ingreso a EE.UU. por carecer de la visa correcta. Si la intencià ³n es hacer escala de paso entre un paà ­s y otro, la visa a solicitar es la C-1. Puntos Clave: visa C1 de trà ¡nsito La visa C1 sirve para pasar en trà ¡nsito por EE.UU. cuando se viaja desde otro paà ­s de origen a otro de destino.No es necesaria la visa C1 si se tiene visa de turista o ESTA vigente.El costo de la visa C1 es de $160.Debe salirse de EE.UU. en el vuelo o barco para el cual se ha hecho la reserva. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Reduction Of The Anxiety - 985 Words

The present document displays the several factors towards the reduction of the anxiety episodes diagnosed in the Emergency Department (ED). Hence, the design of the PICOT question resulted after the observation of the frequent visits of individuals (with different comorbidities) complaining of anxiety symptoms and not being addressed during the medical assessments and directed by nursing interventions towards an action focused in the assessment, measurement and provide the best direction of care of the real anxiety diagnosed cases, and educate, control and prevent the amount of visits with the mentioned cause of attention in the Emergency Department. In a first attempt, the anxiety and mood disorders were researched in databases to†¦show more content†¦Moreover, the findings help to understand the positive benefits of exercise on voluntary participants, and the exertion of biochemical signal control to reduce anxiety-like reactions. In a third study selected to include its findings to enrich the knowledge of the research topic, includes a systematic review of 12 randomized clinical trials ( exercise and non-exercise control groups), where adults diagnosed with high levels of anxiety and other psychiatric syndromes demonstrated less stress and anxiety symptoms during their inclusion in a physical activity program, reporting improved overall health in all the participants and reduction of the anxiety episodes in psychiatric patients (Stonerock,2015). The nursing practice is directed to provide qualified and safe care, and remarkable is the fact that the skills and abilities of the nurses have their foundational basis in strong scientific knowledge as a standard for the purposes of care of the patients. Nurses are committed to the best care and responding to the challenges of the actual healthcare system, â€Å"Nurses are increasingly engaged in evidence-based practice (EBP) processes to answer significant questi ons and guide nursing practice† (Lee, 2013). The PICOT question is designed to analyze the population attended in the ED (18 to 55 years old), with a diagnosis of anxiety and evaluate if the care required is repeated by the same condition, what are the measures applied to educate and control the anxiety episodes.Show MoreRelatedMindfulness Meditation and The Reduction of Anxiety1100 Words   |  5 PagesMindfulness Meditation and The Reduction of Anxiety Mindfulness meditation is a form of meditation that has been prevalent for thousands of years, and is only becoming increasingly more popular. â€Å"Over the past decade, neuroscientists like myself have become increasingly interested in studying how meditation affects the brain and body. The number of studies conducted per year in this new field of contemplative science is rising exponentially, with more than 200 studies published last year alone,†Read MoreThe Effects of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Training on Adolescent Self-Awareness and the Reduction of Anxiety, Depression and Stress.2411 Words   |  10 PagesHMPYC80 ASSIGNMENT 02-03 RESEARCH PROPOSAL TITLE: THE EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS BASED STRESS REDUCTION TRAINING ON ADOLESCENT SELF-AWARENESS AND THE REDUCTION OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS. AUTHOR: 5888743 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY HMPYC80 ASSIGNMENT 02-03 RESEARCH PROPOSAL TITLE: THE EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS BASED STRESS REDUCTION TRAINING ON ADOLESCENT SELF-AWARENESS AND THE REDUCTION OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS. AUTHOR: 5888743 Mr P Smith The ANIKA Foundation 1234 West HighlandRead MoreSport Psychology1034 Words   |  5 Pagesdefeat the psychological struggles flooding one s mind. Anxiety is the main proponent to affecting any human being from giving their utmost potential in a sport. Anxiety is derived from due to self-insecurities. There are various approaches which you can make when confronting one s psychological struggles hindering one s performance, through the use of: somatic anxiety reduction,cognitive anxiety reduction, and multimodal anxiety reduction packages. An insincere and evil friend is more to beRead MoreA Survey On Anxiety Disorders1415 Words   |  6 Pagesthe UK population suffer from an anxiety problem, with almost one in five people reporting either feeling anxious all of the time or a lot of the time. Due to these figures more and more researchers are attempting to find ways to treat and prevent anxiety. Anxiety can be described as having a feeling of unease ranging from mild to extreme (NHS, 2014), it is a normal response to a threat or stress and is usually controllable, however some individuals develop anxiety disorders, which seriously impactRead MoreMassage Therapy As An Effective Alternative Treatment For Pain1581 Words   |  7 Pagesrelief, reduction of anxiety and symptom management for hospice patients. INTRODUCTION As an alternative and complimentary therapy, massage is a low-cost, low-risk tool for providing comfort during end-of-life care. The purpose of hospice is to improve quality of life, regardless of how long the patient has to live. It’s primary focus is to provide compassionate care for the dying. More and more research shows that massage can be used as an effective therapeutic tool for pain relief, anxiety reductionRead MoreEffects of Exercise on Anxiety and Depression Essays956 Words   |  4 PagesCritically Analyse the Research Findings on the Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Anxiety and Depression It has long been speculated that there is a relationship between exercise and it effects on anxiety and depression. However, it is not until recently that research has shown that exercise is associated with positive changes in mood and reductions in anxiety and depression. According to the Mental Health Victoria, depression is characterised by prolonged feelings of sadness, dejectionRead MoreMusic And Effect Of Music1322 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestigating state anxiety of college students who listened to music prior to an exam, and his findings suggests a significant reduction in state anxiety levels of these students (as cited in Davis and Thaut,1989). This study however focuses on the use of preferred music rather than pre-chosen music, which indicates that the music could have been from any genre. This is contrary to other studies which found that sedative background music specifically is what tended to reduce state anxiety (Davis and ThautRead MoreIt is widely known that in EFL learning situations, many students â€Å"exhibit fear of foreign language1300 Words   |  6 Pages23). In Asian countries, EFL learners suffer even more in language classroom anxiety because of insufficient language environment. According to Scovel (1978), anxiety in language learning is â€Å"a state of apprehension, a vague fear† (p. 134). Such anxiety may exist in many aspects of language learning process. Language classroom anxiety is one of the most common concerns. Many researches showed that students’ classroom anxiety will greatly affect their language learning effect (Young, 1986; Horwitz Read MoreA Study On Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders1237 Words   |  5 PagesNeurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders, which typically emerge in children and adolescents, have been extensively investigated worldwide for decades. The pathogenesis and mechanism remained unclear, and no effective treatment has been identified so far. Recently, a variety of studies identified prenatal stress (PS) as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental socioemotional disorders (Khashan et al., 2008, Kinney et al., 2008, RonaldRead MoreHow Kava Is An Herb Of The Western Pacific Islands1337 Words   |  6 PagesKava is an herb found in the western pacific islands. Kava is a sacred plant that had been used in multiple varieties of ways, particularly ceremonially and medicinally, in the western pacific for centuries. Kava is used to â€Å"relieve anxiety, restlessness, sleeplessness, and stress-related symptoms such as muscle tension or spasm. Kava may also relieve pain†. Kava comes in many forms, the traditional one being tea, but also â€Å"as a dietary supplement in powder and tincture (extract in alcohol) forms†

Interest Groups free essay sample

As the popularity of fantasy, action packed romance films with vampires grows, the fan bases for those thrilling films grow as well. With those fan bases come many duties, including but not limited to: long endless lines waiting for premiers, one of a kind homemade t-shirts that no one else has (for clear reasons), and the formation of interest groups. More often then not, interest groups fall apart before they even have a chance to get anything significant done. That is why Vampires for Justice has hired me to help them with their interest group for the highly rated movie Twilight. The survival of an interest group lies within these key elements: gaining members, effective lobbying, and identifying and solving problems in the most beneficial way. An interest group is â€Å"any group other than a political party that is organized to influence the government† (Kollman 379). The majority of interest groups are large businesses that are looking out for their best interest. ‘Economic interest groups’ have the goal of promoting the economic interest of their members, for example, trade and professional groups (513). ‘Governmental units’ are the state and local governments that lobby the federal government to make decisions in their favor. Mostly, these state and local governments are lobbying to attain ‘earmarks’ or funding from the federal budget that an appropriations bill designates for specific projects within a state or congressional district (513). In 1974, after amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act, it became legal for these interest groups to form political action committees (PACs), or officially registered fund raising organization that represents interest groups in the political process. Unlike interest groups, PACs do not have formal members; they simply have contributors who seek to influence public policy by electing legislators sympathetic to their aims. By having so many different kinds of interest groups and PACs, we see that everyone’s opinion comes into consideration politically. Although members of interest groups do not run candidates for office, they become politically active when their members believe that a government policy threatens or affects the group’s goals. Lobbying is quintessential of interest groups. The term lobbying is used to describe the activities of a group or organization that seek to persuade political leaders to support the group’s decision (521). When interest groups become active politically, they use the technique lobbying to make their interests heard and understood by those who are in a position to influence or cause change in governmental policies, usually by testifying at hearings or contacting legislators directly(521). Interest groups often lobby congress by making a congressional testimony on behalf of the group, writing letters from interested constitutes and making campaign contributions. It is no surprise that some of the most effective lobbyists are former members of Congress, staff aides, and other Washington insiders. Lobbying in Congress, as in all lobbying is successful when the lobbyist has a good reputation for fair play and provides the people they are trying to persuade with accurate information (522). Interest groups can lobby one or more levels of the executive branch of government to influence policy by, again, providing accurate information and a clear sense of where the public stands(522). Interest groups also lobby the courts. When interest groups are lobbying the courts, they either use the form of ‘direct sponsorship’ or the filing of ‘amicus curiae’ briefs. Direct sponsorship is when the lobbyist provides resources to direct a case through the judicial system. If a case comes up that an interest group is interested in, but not sponsoring, they can file an ‘amicus’ brief to inform the justices of the group’s policy preferences (523). No matter who is being lobbied, most interest groups have found that they are most successful when ‘grassroots lobbying’ is put into play, where the masses are informed as to what the interest group’s goal is and there is high public awareness of the issue. In addition to lobbying, interest groups play a key role in the electoral process. Interest groups will recruit, endorse, and/ or provide financial or other support for political candidates to focus voter’s attention on candidates who advocate policies that will help achieve the interest group’s goals. Some ideological groups will go as far as to rate the candidates to provide a clear guide for their members and the general public as to how they feel about the candidate. In addition to simply endorsing the candidates of their choices, there have been many get-out-the-vote (GOTV) efforts. PACs are allowed to raise money to contribute directly to political candidates in national elections. Interest groups are essential during an election because they do the research on candidates for people who would normally not do so(525). Like in any type of group, there have been some cases of corruption among interest groups. In 2006, Jack Abramoff pleaded guilty to corruption charges which led to the passing of the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act in 2007. The act restricted and reformed a lot of the practices that had been going on. It banned gifts to members of Congress and their staffs, made extensive disclosure requirements, and increased the time limit on moving from the federal government to the private sector (529). Interest groups are essential to U. S. politics in that, through their influence, they enhance political participation by motivating like- minded individuals to work toward a common goal. When the right leaders, funding, and members interest groups can take pride when they know they have made a difference in election outcomes.

Street Smart Versus Book Smart free essay sample

Street Smart versus Book Smart In his article Hidden Intellectualism, Gerald Graff criticizes those that do not put value into street smarts. Graff says that knowledge goes far beyond academic learning and continues into our everyday living. He states, The need to prove I was smart and the fear of a beating if I proved it too well. Meaning that if the subjects he enjoyed the most became his main interest he would soon have to face ridicule for wanting to be himself (Graff).Graffs theory of street smarts is extremely useful because it sheds some light on the difficult problems of social life being excluded from academic situations. Although he’s not saying that street smarts are more important than academic knowledge, he is stating that subjects should be seen through â€Å"academic eyes†. For example if you give a college student an eight page essay to write on a topic interest of their own, not only will they understand it but can relate it to their everyday social life. We will write a custom essay sample on Street Smart Versus Book Smart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Students do need to read pieces of intellectually challenging writing if they are to become intellectuals themselves.Overall schools have a stereotypical view of intelligence, but need to realize intelligence isn’t limited to book smarts. â€Å"They would be more prone to take on intellectual identities if we encouraged them to do so at first on subjects that interest them rather than ones that interest us†, Graff says. Students would start out on a better foot and acquire a substantial amount of motivation first by reading and analyzing subjects that inspire them rather than some boring subjects like Shakespeare or Orwell (Graff).Graff is absolutely right when he says â€Å"street smarts beat out book smarts in our culture†, because street smarts satisfy the intellectual craving better than school culture. In this day and age where our culture values sports and entertainment, Graff believed that knowledge would hold us back from a social life, yet he still argu es the fact that sports is a much better topic to be interested in more so then anything else. As a sports fan I know exactly what he is trying to get at. The sports world is much more interesting than anything that has to do with academics to me.Adding to Graff’s argument, I would point out that school work isolates you from others and the world, as well as limiting your full ability, whereas, sports is national and public. If you pass in sports debates, there are limitless possibilities and you arrive in a community involving different aspects toward people you don’t know rather than just friends and family. The sports world presented intense public arguments in a way that brought out someone’s individualism of intellectual identities.Close bonding and community is brought from sports such as high school football in a small town, everyone likes to go and watch the game and cheer for them or analyze the players abilities and how they could improve. Things like this are what bring up public issues and generates an environment chunk full of excitement and debates. Although some readers might challenge my view by insisting that students cannot become intellectuals by reading sports or fashion magazines alone. To say that students need to see their interests through academic eyes is to say that street smarts are not enough† Graff says. This means to think and write about cars, sports, and fashion in an interpretive, analytical way, a student that sees them as miniatures of what is happening in a broader culture or way of life. This interpretation challenges the work of those critics who have long assumed that an individual learns best by introducing academic representations such as Shakespeare or Orwell.If a student cannot get interested in Shakespeare or Orwell but will read sports or fashion magazines with absorption, it presents a strong argument for assigning these magazines over the classic boring tactics. Doing so should get them hooked on reading and writing by composing papers on those subjects and eventually get to the classics. But even if they don’t, the magazines or articles of personal interest will make them more literate and analytical than they would have been. If I am correct, then educators and schools are not opportunistic when they don’t encourage students to take nonacademic interests as items of academic revision. This tactic is useful for getting students’ attention and asphyxiating their boredom, and become more comfortable in their academic learning. My point is not to discourage academics all together, but to allow students to begin their intellectual journey by getting them caught up on reading or writing by means of personal interests then progressing on to academics to bring out their â€Å"hidden intellectualism† (Graff).

Literary Terms 9 suspense. setting. irony. imagery. symbolism. metaphor. exaggeration. alliteration. onomatopoeia. personification. Flashcard

Literary Terms 9: suspense. setting. irony. imagery. symbolism. metaphor. exaggeration. alliteration. onomatopoeia. personification.

The Danger of Intelligence Politicization

The Danger of Intelligence Politicization National Intelligence Council (NIC) remains the America’s most important agency in charge of the country’s security. It is charged with the responsibility of enhancing the depth and accuracy of intelligence investigation and integration of domestic and foreign dimensions of the country’s intelligence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Danger of Intelligence Politicization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is done to ensure that the threats to United States’ national security are fully understood and probed.1 National Intelligence Council has had its fair share of successes in predicting possible security threats to the United States and its allies. However, it has also received some criticism for its failure to predict or accurately evaluate some security threats to the country.2 For instance, National Intelligence Council has faced various challenges in the Cuban Missile Crisis and the nuclear threat posed by Iran. The agency has had several intelligence failures in the two instances mentioned above, and they are highlighted below. According to Zegart in her article â€Å"Organization Theory, Intelligence, and the Cuban Missile Crisis†, US National Intelligence Council failed to fully foresee the intentions of the Soviet leader (Khrushchev), in placing nuclear weapons in Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis3. The intelligence officers were only worried about political fallout in Cuba and its effects in other Latin American countries rather than cared about a military threat the country could have had. The National Intelligence Estimates (NIE) provided indicated that the Soviet leader had been unwilling to set up a military base in Cuba in almost two decades, and there was no short or midterm anticipation of such an activity by Khrushchev in Cuba. The estimates also strongly indicated that the Soviet bloc would not have wished to engage its military forc es in case Cuba had been attacked by the United States. However, it was realized that there were many Soviet troops who had arrived in the country and seemed to be ready to defend it from foreign attacks. This was another failure by US National Intelligence Council in the Cuban Missile Crisis. The NIC also insisted on the issue that installation of nuclear weapons in Cuba by the Soviet Union would go against the Soviet policies.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another failure by National Intelligence Council was the inability to accurately estimate the number of Soviet military personnel in Cuba during the period preceding the crisis. In the recent times, US National Intelligence Council has come under scrutiny once again because of its failures in accurately reading the Iranian nuclear situation.4 National Intelligence Council used strong words to suggest that Iran had dropped its ambitions to build nuclear weapons in 2003, and this created a false sense of security. It indicated that Tehran lacked the prerequisite technical knowhow to build nuclear weapons and had consequently opted to halt its nuclear program.5 However, this turned out to be the exact opposite of the situation on the ground as Iran continued to vigorously pursue its nuclear weapons ambitions. In reality, the country divided its nuclear program into three phases which included fissile material production, missile development and building of warheads. In his article titled, â€Å"Misreading the Iran Report: Why Spying and Policymaking Don’t Mix†, Kissinger (para, 3) notes that the country indeed increased the pace of fissile material production and showed impressive technological capabilities in its missile development since its missiles had increased ranges6. The payload of its new missile has also risen.7 Recent information from National Intelligence Coun cil indicated that the country had the capacity to produce adequate enriched uranium for use in nuclear weapons and the number of warheads produced would increase between 2010 and 2015. This contradicts the initial statement by National Intelligence Council on Iran’s nuclear program. Bolton (para, 6) argues in his article â€Å"The Flaws In the Iran Report† that the National Intelligence Estimates were self-contradicting and not sufficiently supported by implying that Tehran was likely to give in to diplomatic persuasion and international community pressure8. The Director of National Intelligence (para 6) stated in his report that Iran had stopped its nuclear program due to international pressure even though it is was noted that the country alongside North Korea were two of the most difficult countries to deal with diplomatically, particularly on the issue of nuclear weapons.9Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Danger of Intelligence Politici zation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite these failures by National Intelligence Council to precisely read and interpret intelligence reports, it can be argued that the NIC has shown impressive successes in acquisition of vital security information. National Intelligence Council has been successful in obtaining information, which has been vital in preventing crisis from intensifying and resulting into wars. For instance, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the photo obtained by the NIC from aerial reconnaissance proved to be very useful in actual discovery of Soviet missiles and military personnel in Cuba before the weapons became operational. This proved a major turning point in the standoff and it gave the United States a piece of evidence which it could have used against the Soviet government and ultimately pressurized it to rescind its deal with Cuba.10 From the challenges National Intelligence Council experienced in dealing with the Cuban Missile Crisis, it became apparent that there was a need to integrate activities of its various intelligence groups since some of the security threats posed to the country appeared to be coordinated from different fronts. The success of the photographic evidence obtained from the aerial reconnaissance during the Cuban Missile Crisis resulted in appreciation of the capabilities of aerial reconnaissance and influenced the decision to fully incorporate satellite photography in monitoring of disarmament agreements. This was later used to monitor progress in the Iranian missile program.11 The effort made by the government to reduce on budgetary expenditures and prioritize its services to the public is a critical provision not only to the military but also to other developmental sectors as well. Nonetheless, intelligence and security sectors have fundamental/conventional requirements and priorities that cannot be compromised at any cost. From experience, it is evident that the Amer ica’s military bases in Cuba and Iran had advantageous priorities that could only be met by allocating to them enough budgets and enhancing intelligence provisions as well as enough contingency funds. This move was effective but it might also pose critical impacts on the security of the nation.12Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More National Intelligence Council has also become more apt in evaluating intelligence information and minimized inaccurate analysis and conclusions on security threats after the Cuban crisis. The NIC has also been successful in stifling Iran’s nuclear program even though it has not been fully stopped. Due to the impact of the NIC’s activities, Iran temporarily halted its nuclear program and has been forced to conduct its program in a more restricted manner. Some could argue that this is a more dangerous situation since it becomes impossible to fully comprehend the extent of the program’s progress. However, it is important to realize that by limiting Iran’s ability to brazenly continue with its nuclear program, National Intelligence Council has ensured that the rate of production of the nuclear weapons was effectively reduced and the ability of the country to seek external assistance to its program was also limited.13 The NIC is vital in formulation of the pol icies and has been greatly applied in the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Iran nuclear program. Prior to receiving concrete intelligence, the United States was unable to have a clear understanding of the magnitude of the Soviet’s activities in Cuba.14 This prevented decisive action being taken against the Soviet Union or Cuba. Based on intelligence obtained, the United States government was able to convince the Soviet Union to halt its activities in Cuba, and it even resulted in Khrushchev being overthrown in his country. Discussing how deficiencies in US intelligence capabilities impacted on the crisis Evidently, deficiencies in US intelligence capabilities impacted on the crisis in diverse ways. The personal skills and competencies that allowed US militants to manage their emotions, perceptions, and feelings and those of other individuals were really compromised during the entire crisis.15 The situation requires one to have the capability of coping up with other people, situat ions, and any environment of existence. The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Iranian Nuclear Threat led to a number of negative effects. The American economy was greatly affected considering that they spent a lot of money in buying the equipments which were used to fight the Taliban. The war resulted in the death of many US soldiers as well as Cuban and Iranian people. For instance, statistics indicate that approximately 2,000 American soldiers and 10,000 affected country’s soldiers died. The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Iranian Nuclear Threat also present certain realities of loses to both Cuban and Iranian citizens and the United States. To begin with, war against the terrorists led to massive damages to Afghanistan infrastructure. To retaliate against the attacks by US soldiers, the insurgents targeted public utilities where they destroyed properties and infrastructure. In addition, intelligence failures led to death of many people at the range of 224,000 to 258,000 who were s oldiers, terrorists as well as innocent citizens. Moreover, intelligence failure led to great waste of money by both the American government and the insurgents. For instance, the current statistics unveil that American government spent a total of at least $3.7 trillion on the operation. This value would be likely to rise to the excess of $4.4 trillion if the war continued as planned by the US government. Many American soldiers also died in the battlefield with some of those who survived the aftermath succumbing to post traumatic disorder.16 In the context of US intelligence capabilities, the war in Cuba and Iran had deep-rooted historical causes and aftermaths that were hard to assume or ignore when analyzing them. In other contexts, US National Intelligence Council believed that Taliban allowed terrorist groups like the forbidden al-Qaeda to establish training camps within Afghanistan. This situation coupled with the destructive facts of 9/11 and believable intelligence that the pe rpetrators were in hideouts in Afghanistan made US government plan military attack in the region. Upon completion of the plans, the US military began official â€Å"Operation Enduring Freedom† in Afghanistan in October 2001. In November 2001, US together with friendly armies managed to destroy militant camps as well as arrest some members of the insurgent groups and terminate the Taliban rule. This marked the actual beginning of the war in Afghanistan and projected specifically against the Islamist militias. This also indicates how the deficiencies in US intelligence capabilities impacted on the crisis.17 As much as the motive behind the war in Cuba and Iran related to the desire to restore freedom in the countries, American interest in the oil and minerals in the foreign land confirmed by its continued stay in the countries compromised its intelligence. Despite the criticisms directed against the American government from both within and outside the USA for its continued stay in Iran even after establishment of a democratic government, American government seemed reluctant to recall its soldiers due to poor intelligence issues.18 One of the reasons earmarking the stand by US government relates to the fact that Taliban and other supporting militant groups were fighting to resume leadership over Afghanistan and Iran. Return of Taliban is likely to destabilize and compromise the freedom and democracy currently enjoyed by Afghanistan citizens. This also explains how the deficiencies in US intelligence capabilities impacted on the crisis.19 This was another failure by the NIC in the Cuban Missile Crisis. As mentioned earlier, National Intelligence Council also insisted on the issue that installation of nuclear weapons in Cuba by the Soviet Union would have gone against the Soviet policies. Another failure by the Council was the inability to accurately estimate the number of Soviet military personnel in Cuba during the period preceding the crisis. In recent ti mes, National Intelligence Council has come under scrutiny for its failures in accurately estimating the Iranian nuclear situation. In the context of military capabilities, it is agreeable that there exist serious impacts of the government move to cut down on the budgets of the military as stated before. Nonetheless, this can only be proved in the context of its weightiness upon investigation, compilation of the findings, analysis, and other critical research provisions.20 For the intelligence unit to provide a wide range of combat ability, their intelligence capabilities and budget allocation should be optimal. Since there are also emergency cases related to security, such intelligence issues should cater for any eventuality regarding security. Precisely, the exact intelligence impacts should cut on the security of military bases through appropriate methodology and government support. The impacts of how deficiencies in US intelligence capabilities impacted on the crisis related to the ability to adjust to the environment where one exists and ability to cope up with other people within the same environment. In the context of intelligence deficiency, this phenomenon is mostly evident in the war places where soldiers tend to face different opinions, cultures, races, ages, and other provisions that make them different. Intelligence confers the aspects of self awareness as indicated previously. Anybody with viable personality must possess the aspects of self awareness following its merits and contribution to viable personality within one’s self. Evidently, institutions with intelligence capabilities do not allow their emotions to rule their destiny and how they relate to the other people. They are able to trust only themselves in every situation since they cannot let themselves go off the hook. Such aspects have proved quite considerable, applicable, and embraceable by masses especially in the USA’s context. Intelligence capabilities relates to the a spects of being honest with one’s self, which is a fact conferred by emotional intelligence. It is from this concept that numerous individuals find themselves quite useful within an organization.21 It is important to note that National Intelligence has had its fair share of successes in predicting possible security threats to United States and its allies. Nonetheless, it has also received some criticism for its failure to predict or accurately evaluate some security threats to the country. For instance, National Intelligence Council has faced various challenges in the Cuban Missile Crisis and the nuclear threat posed by Iran. Moreover, the intervention of American soldiers that triggered the Afghanistan war helped in restoring a democratic government that is working to ensure useful and beneficial exploration of the country’s natural resources.22 Through intelligence, it is without doubt that even if the USA benefits from the oil and other minerals, Afghanistan citizen s also realize positive economic, social and political growth due to US support and investments. In addition, the war in Afghanistan that led to manhunt of al-Qaeda and other Islamist militias and eventual killing of personalities like Osama Bin Laden marks important mileage in antiterrorist wars. It is also important to note that US NIC has become more inapt in evaluating intelligence information and minimized inaccurate analysis and conclusions on security threats.23 It has also been unsuccessful in stifling Iran and Korean’s nuclear program failing to fully stop it. Due to the impact of the National Intelligence’s activities, Iran temporarily halted its nuclear program and has now been forced to conduct its program in a more restricted manner. This equally indicated how the deficiencies in US intelligence capabilities impacted on the crisis. Bibliography Adelberg, Michael S. The American Revolution in Monmouth County: The Theatre of Spoil and Destruction. Charleston , SC: History Press, 2010. Betts, Richard K. Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and Power in American National Security. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2007. Bolton, John. â€Å"The Flaws In the Iran Report†. Washington Post, December 2007. Davis, Jack. â€Å"Sherman Kents Final Thoughts On Analyst-Policymaker Relations: The Sherman Kent Center for Intelligence Analysis.† Occasional Papers 2, no. 3 (2003): page nr. Accessed from https://www.cia.gov/library/kent-center-occasional-papers/vol2no3.htm. Davis, Jack. â€Å"The Challenge of Managing Uncertainty.† Central Intelligence Agency. April 14, 2007. Accessed from https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/96unclass/davis.htm. Director of National Intelligence. â€Å"Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities.† nytimes.com. December 7, 2007. Accessed from http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/international/20071203_release.pdf. George, Roger. Analyzing Intelligence Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2008. Kissinger, Henry. â€Å"Misreading the Iran Report: Why Spying and Policymaking Don’t Mix†. Washington Post, December 2007. Pillar, Paul R. Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011. Rovner, Joshua. Fixing the Facts: National Security and the Politics of Intelligence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011. Zegart, Amy B. â€Å"Organization Theory, Intelligence, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.† Masters thesis, UCLA School of Public Affairs, 2010. Accessed from http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/6341/Zegart_Research_Seminar_-_Cuban_missile_crisis_paper_Sept._21,_2010.pdf. Footnotes 1 Director of National Intelligence, â€Å"Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities,† nytimes.com, December 7, 2007, accessed from http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/international/20071203_release.pd f. 2 Amy B. Zegart, â€Å"Organization Theory, Intelligence, and the Cuban Missile Crisis† (masters thesis, UCLA School of Public Affairs, 2010), 1-42, accessed from http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/6341/Zegart_Research_Seminar_-_Cuban_missile_crisis_paper_Sept._21,_2010.pdf. 3 Ibid. 4 Henry A. Kissinger, â€Å"Misreading the Iran Report,† Washington Post, December 13, 2007 5 Paul R. Pillar. Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011). 6 Henry A. Kissinger, â€Å"Misreading the Iran Report,† Washington Post, December 13, 2007 7 Rovner, Joshua. Fixing the Facts: National Security and the Politics of Intelligence. ( Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011). 8 John Bolton. â€Å"The Flaws In the Iran Report†. Washington Post, December 2007. 9 Amy B. Zegart, â€Å"Organization Theory, Intelligence, and the Cuban Missile Crisis† (masters thesis, UCLA School of Public Affairs, 2010), 1 -42, accessed from http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/6341/Zegart_Research_Seminar_-_Cuban_missile_crisis_paper_Sept._21,_2010.pdf 10 Jack Davis, â€Å"Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence Policy-Relations: The Challenge of Managing Uncertainty,† Central Intelligence Agency, April 14, 2007, accessed from https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/96unclass/davis.htm. 11 Jack Davis, â€Å"Sherman Kents Final Thoughts On Analyst-Policymaker Relations: The Sherman Kent Center for Intelligence Analysis†,Occasional Papers 2, no. 3 (2003): page nr., accessed from https://www.cia.gov/library/kent-center-occasional-papers/vol2no3.htm. 12 Betts, Richard K. Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and Power in American National Security ( New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2007), 34. 13 Jack Davis, â€Å"Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence Policy-Relations: The Challenge of Managing Uncertainty,† Central Intelligence Agency, April 14, 2007, accessed from https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/96unclass/davis.htm. 14 Director of National Intelligence, â€Å"Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities,† nytimes.com, December 7, 2007, accessed from http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/international/20071203_release.pdf 15 Bolton, John. The Flaws In the Iran Report. Washington Post, December 6, 2007. washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/05/AR2007120502234.html?hpid=opinionsbox1 16Jack Davis, â€Å"Sherman Kents Final Thoughts On Analyst-Policymaker Relations: The Sherman Kent Center for Intelligence Analysis†,Occasional Papers 2, no. 3 (2003): page nr., accessed from https://www.cia.gov/library/kent-center-occasional-papers/vol2no3.htm. 17Jack Davis, â€Å"Sherman Kents Final Thoughts On Analyst-Policymaker Relations: The Sherman Kent Center for Intelligence Analysis†,Occasional Papers 2, no. 3 (2003): page nr., access ed from https://www.cia.gov/library/kent-center-occasional-papers/vol2no3.htm. 18 Roger George. Analyzing Intelligence Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations. (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2008). 19 Bolton, John. The Flaws In the Iran Report. Washington Post, December 6, 2007. washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/05/AR2007120502234.html?hpid=opinionsbox1 20 Adelberg, Michael. The American Revolution in Monmouth County: The Theatre of Spoil and Destruction (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2010), 21. 21 Jack Davis, â€Å"Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence Policy-Relations: The Challenge of Managing Uncertainty,† Central Intelligence Agency, April 14, 2007, accessed from https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/96unclass/davis.htm. 22 Amy B. Zegart, â€Å"Organization Theory, Intelligence, and the Cuban Missile Crisis† (masters thesis, UCLA School of Public Affairs, 2010), 1-42, accessed from ht tp://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/6341/Zegart_Research_Seminar_-_Cuban_missile_crisis_paper_Sept._21,_2010.pdf 23 Director of National Intelligence, â€Å"Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities,† nytimes.com, December 7, 2007, accessed from http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/international/20071203_release.pdf

Cinematographic Representation of Violence and Abuse of Women Essay - 1

Cinematographic Representation of Violence and Abuse of Women - Essay Example Norindr main concept that he examines deeply is modernity and he stresses that it has been an ongoing manifestation of the omnipotent cultural force, an incomplete project in the West. As a result, Norindr examines the active participants in the transformation to be the ‘modern subjects’ of the emerging modern societies who are negotiating imaginative ways; their place in the postcolonial spaces in some cities such as Saigon. In his film vision, he identifies Tran Anh Hung Film which, although it had been shot from a Vietnamese ‘aura’, the movie is a selection of Vietnam that had lost its traditional innocence. Prostitution, capitalism, and torture are what the filmmaker wants to debunk as being the clichà ©s about Vietnam, similar to what has been conveyed in Vietnam Hollywood war movies. The film shows people living in hopes, ambitions, and frustrations engraved in a culture of crime, prostitution, and uncannily no respect for humanity. In his thesis, Nor indr believes that the violence, capitalism, and misrepresentation of women in Tran Anh Hung Film is a manifestation of emerging modernity that has taken the shape of Western colonialism such as the crime business which is evident in the film. Paul Narkunas is also critical about the life of frustration that has been experienced by the Vietnamese due to the influence of the West. Narkunas is very descriptive about the 1986 market liberalization in Vietnam and directly begins his analysis by describing Tran Anh Hung Film. Narkunas examines the economic transition of an eighteen-year-old cyclo, and the camerawork emphasizes on the diagramming of flow of money and bodies.